Rewilding Southern Africa: The Remarkable Comeback of Zebras
- Dean Weiss
- Jul 22
- 6 min read
During my background research on zebras in Southern Africa, I was surprised to discover that zebras are not a homogeneous species. Zebras represent a fascinating example of biodiversity within the equine family, showcasing a variety of subspecies, each with distinct characteristics and adaptations that enable them to thrive in their respective environments.
The different zebra species
In Africa, there are primarily three species of zebras: the plains zebra, the Grevy's zebra, and the mountain zebra. Each of these species exhibits unique traits that reflect their adaptations to different habitats.
The plains zebra is the most abundant and widely distributed species, often found in savannas and grasslands. Their social structures are characterised by large herds, which provide protection against predators and facilitate foraging in open areas. The Burchell's zebra is a southern subspecies of the plains zebra, often found in the Eastern Cape. The Burchell's zebra is the sole zebra subspecies that can be legally farmed for human consumption.
The Grevy's zebra, primarily found in the semi-arid regions of northern Kenya and Ethiopia, is distinguished by its larger size and unique pattern of narrow, vertical stripes. This species has adapted to a more solitary lifestyle, often seen grazing alone or in small groups, which is a strategy that helps them conserve resources in their less predictable environment. The Grevy's zebra is classified as an endangered species.
The mountain zebra resides in the mountainous regions of South Africa and Namibia. This species is recognised for its distinctive stripe patterns, which are markedly different from those of the plains zebra, featuring a more upright mane and a unique dewlap on its throat. This flap of loose skin helps with thermoregulation in cooler climates. This characteristic is most prominent in Hartmann's mountain zebra and is more visible in male zebras.
Comparison between the plains zebra and the mountain zebra
The plain zebra (Equus quagga) and the mountain zebra (Equus zebra) are two distinct species within the Equidae family, each adapted to their specific habitats. Both feature black and white stripes for camouflage and social signalling. Despite their similarities, they have unique evolutionary paths and ecological niches.
Physical Characteristics
One of the most notable differences between the two species is their physical appearance. The plain zebra typically has broader, more widely spaced stripes that extend down its body, creating a more uniform pattern. These stripes are generally more pronounced and can vary in thickness, contributing to the distinct look of each individual zebra. In contrast, the mountain zebra possesses narrower stripes that are more closely spaced, especially on the hindquarters. Mountain zebras also exhibit a unique grid-like pattern on their rumps, which is absent in plain zebras. This distinctive feature helps identify the species in the wild.
Habitat and Range
The plains zebra inhabits the grasslands and savannas of eastern and southern Africa, thriving in large herds due to the ample grazing opportunities available. Their social structure, often forming groups in the hundreds, protects them through collective vigilance. In contrast, the mountain zebra is adapted to rugged, mountainous terrains in southwestern Africa, particularly in Namibia and South Africa. With powerful hooves and a nimble body, it is suited to evade predators in the steep, rocky areas.
Behaviour and Social Structure
Both species exhibit social structures that are adapted to their respective environments. The plains zebra has a strong herd mentality, forming large groups for safety, consisting of several females with offspring led by a dominant male. These herds rely on social bonds for protection against predators like lions and hyenas. In contrast, mountain zebras form smaller family units. Typically, a single stallion with a few mares and their young, reflecting their challenging habitat with scarcer resources and more competition.
Diet and Feeding Habits
Both species primarily feed on grasses, but their habits differ due to their distinct habitats. The plains zebra grazes on abundant savanna grasses, often migrating seasonally for fresh pastures. Their digestive systems efficiently process fibrous plants, enabling them to thrive in areas with abundant grass. The mountain zebra's diet includes tougher grasses and shrubs found in rocky, mountainous environments. Their dietary choices are crucial for survival where food sources are limited and variable. All zebras' grazing habits increase biodiversity of plant species in their areas by preventing any single grass species from dominating, thereby supporting a variety of wildlife species.
Conservation Status
The plain zebra is classified as Least Concern due to stable populations across a wide range. In contrast, the mountain zebra is Vulnerable, with declining populations due to habitat loss, hunting, and competition with livestock. Conservation efforts for the mountain zebra focus on habitat preservation and management.
Successful rewilding of zebra in South Africa
The Cape mountain zebra, whose population had been declining, has significantly benefited from rewilding initiatives led by local conservationists. As rewilding efforts gain momentum, these resilient animals are reclaiming their rightful place in the landscape.
The Cape Mountain Zebra Project
The Cape Mountain Zebra Project aims to conserve and restore the endangered Cape mountain zebra population. This initiative includes habitat restoration, genetic rescue programs, and collaboration with conservation organisations to secure the long-term survival of this subspecies.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Cape mountain zebra population was approximately 400, but it declined to just 90 by the 1950s. However, conservation efforts by reserves, parks, and landowners have been successful in increasing their numbers.
The Mountain Zebra National Park, established in 1937 near Cradock in South Africa's Eastern Cape province, was the first protected area for these zebras. Efforts such as the reintroduction of zebras at De Hoop Nature Reserve in the 1960s helped boost the population to around 1,200 by the year 2000.
One persistent threat Cape mountain zebra faces is hybridisation with Hartmann’s mountain zebra and reduced genetic diversity within their populations. That's why moving zebras from one place to another necessitates a permit from CapeNature and consent from the provincial veterinary authority. The Cape mountain zebra is the smallest of all current zebra species and the most geographically confined. Recent estimates show the national population is 5,693.
Cape Floristic Region
The Cape Floristic Region focuses on restoring the unique fynbos ecosystem. This area, known for its rich biodiversity, has seen a resurgence of endemic plant species after active rewilding efforts which include the removal of invasive species that threaten native flora. The project has also led to the reintroduction of key animal species, such as the Cape mountain zebra, which plays a crucial role in maintaining the health of the ecosystem.
Was the quagga considered a zebra?
DNA analysis has revealed that the Quagga was not a distinct species of zebra but rather a subspecies of the Burchell's Zebra (Plains Zebra). The Quagga once lived in the Karoo and southern Free State regions of South Africa. The quagga became extinct mainly due to relentless hunting and intentional extermination by colonists. Additionally, the indiscriminate use of the term "Quagga" for any zebra led to confusion, obstructing last-minute efforts to save the quagga. In 1877, a drought sealed their fate. The next year, game hunters wiped out the remaining animals. Shortly thereafter, in August 1883, the last quagga in captivity died at the Amsterdam Zoo, marking the species' extinction.
The Quagga Project at the Elandsberg Nature Reserve aims to revive quaggas by breeding animals that resemble them, although this won't actually bring the species back to life. These animals would be ideal for reintroduction into the Karoo and southern Free State. The genetic similarity to the original quaggas is unclear, as only mitochondrial DNA is available. However, since quaggas are identified by their coat patterns, animals bred with these characteristics could be referred to as quaggas.
Conclusion
Understanding the diversity among zebras has enhanced my appreciation for these creatures and their ecosystems. The Cape mountain zebra, once in decline, has thrived due to rewilding initiatives by local conservationists. These efforts in South Africa highlight how ecological restoration benefits both species and ecosystems, improving community well-being. The zebra's resurgence is not just about population recovery, but also a testament to nature's resilience and the effectiveness of human intervention.
Zebras, particularly plains zebras, play a crucial role in maintaining grassland ecosystems. Their populations have declined due to hunting, habitat loss, and competition with livestock. Conservation initiatives support responsible resource management and offer economic benefits through ecotourism, linking conservation with community development. Sustainable rewilding relies on habitat restoration, community involvement, and scientific research to understand zebra behaviour and ecology.
The Burchill's Zebra (Plains zebra) photographed in the Addo Elephant Park
(Pictures courtesy of Melissa Jack)
Wildlife corridors have been key to their resurgence, connecting habitats for migration and breeding. Reintroduction has stabilised numbers and enhanced genetic diversity. Community involvement, recognising the value of wildlife tourism and the ecological importance of zebras, has been crucial in this process. As they thrive, zebras symbolise hope and the importance of preserving the intricate web of life on our planet.
Lovely zebras.